The innovative quality of personalised care demands links to other areas of innovation – notably in the use of data, bio-banking, next generation sequencing, screening, advanced imaging, biomarkers and more sophisticated analytics, sharpening the impact of R&D and early diagnostics, all linked to the digitisation of health.

Innovative approaches treatment guidelines, and to training and education, will equip healthcare professionals with new skills and knowledge, and overcome reticence by clear demonstration of advantages among those hesitant to adopt new approaches.

And radical changes in thinking at the highest policy level in relation to public health generally will enhance the measurement of value for health interventions and adapt payment systems accordingly. All of this will require agreement on standards, and improvements to regulatory pathways, as well as an appropriate regulatory and medical framework.